Proximate analysis, phytochemical screening, and bioactivities evaluation of (Forssk.) Vahl. (Fam. Vitaceae) and Bojer ex Hook. (Fam. Dracaenaceae) growing in Egypt

Objectives
This work aimed to carry out a proximate analysis, phytochemical screening, and bioactivities evaluation of the nonflowering aerial parts of each of (Forssk.) Vahl. (Fam. Vitaceae) and Bojer ex Hook. (Fam. Dracaenaceae) growing in Egypt.
Materials and methods
The total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents were estimated spectrophotometrically. The oral acute toxicity of each of the two plant extracts was evaluated. Analgesic activities of both plants were evaluated using hot plate and writhing test using indomethacin as a reference drug. Anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat-paw edema. Antiulcerative activities were measured using indomethacin-induced ulcer in pyloric-ligated rats. Thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy was used to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of the plants.
Results and conclusion
Proximate analysis of air-dried nonflowering aerial parts of each of and yielded a moisture content of 7.95 and 7.52%, total ash of 8.35 and 9.83%, watersoluble ash of 3.96 and 2.94%, acid-insoluble ash of 2.14 and 3.42%, crude fiber content of 8.52 and 13.43%, and methanolic extractive value of 41 and 35%, respectively. Phytochemical analysis of extract indicated the presence of triterpenes, carbohydrates, and/or glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, and saponins, whereas extract showed the presence of sterols, carbohydrates, and/or glycosides, flavonoids, coumarins, and saponins. Total phenolic content of and were 3.18 and 4.82 mg (GAE)/g, respectively, whereas total flavonoid contents of and were 1.35 and 4.13 mg (QE)/g plant dry weight, respectively. Both extracts showed no toxicity up to 1 g/kg body weight. Both methanolic extracts showed significant central and peripheral analgesic effects. extract showed percentages of edema inhibition higher than or equal to the reference drug indomethacin in carrageenan-induced paw edema assay, whereas extract showed percentages of edema inhibition less than that of the reference drug indomethacin. In the ulcer model induced by indomethacin, the groups pretreated with both plants received significant protection against ulcer formation. In the thioacetamide-induced acute hepatopathic encephalopathy model, rats treated with extract showed significant improvement in their plasma AST and ALT, whereas rats treated with extract showed increased levels of their ALT and AST.