Antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties of extracted by microwave-assisted extraction

Background
The wild plant is a desert shrub species that is present in North America and some Middle Eastern countries and is used as a source of vegetation. The reports demonstrated the significance of its bioactive compounds by extracting them with different solvents, such as hexane, methanol, and water fractions using standard extraction methods and evaluating their biological functions as antioxidants, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory.
Objective
To analyze the chemical compositions of extracted by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities.
Materials and methods
In this research, ethanol solvent and simple MAE with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis were used to classify the chemical compositions, and the ethanol extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl process, antibacterial activity, anticancer activity using liver cancer cells (HCAM) through apoptosis (AO/EB staining), and flow cytometry analysis for apoptosis and cell cycle arrest ratios.
Results and conclusion
The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry study revealed ∼33 compounds. antioxidant activity was IC=4.120 μg/ml as compared with vitamin C IC=4.898 μg/ml as a positive regulation. Antibacterial activity of extract showed a significant inhibition toward and cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells (HCAM) at 1000 μg/ml showed a significant inhibition ratio (42.35%). The AO/EB staining revealed DNA damage and apoptosis in the morphology of the cells. Early and late apoptosis were established, and the cell cycle was stopped in G1 phase. Our findings indicate that is a valuable medicinal plant with biological applications. As a result, future research will focus on isolating the responsible natural molecules using MAE and mechanic studies.